1771-p7

pid控制器就是根据系统的误差，利用比例、积分、微分计算出控制量进行控制的。
   　比例（p）控制　比例控制是一种最简单的控制方式。其控制器的输出与输入误差信号成比例关系。当仅有比例控制时系统输出存在稳态误差（steady-state error）。
   　积分（i）控制　在积分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的积分成正比关系。对一个自动控制系统，如果在进入稳态后存在稳态误差，则称这个控制系统是有稳态误差的或简称有差系统（system with steady-state error）。为了消除稳态误差，在控制器中必须引入“积分项”。积分项对误差取决于时间的积分，随着时间的增加，积分项会增大。这样，即便误差很小，积分项也会随着时间的增加而加大，它推动控制器的输出增大使稳态误差进一步减小，直到等于零。因此，比例+积分(pi)控制器，可以使系统在进入稳态后无稳态误差。

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